The Danger of Mushrooming Technology

Detection of auscultation (sound waves that travel with the body) of the punk depends on the vibrations set up by the fast acceleration and deceleration of the blood as it is controlled by the intracardiac valves in the beating heart (7:233). The stethoscope does not amplify the sound moreover channels it to the ears of the examiner, who enforces the bell-type endpiece for low frequency sounds and the wide, flat diaphragm for the juicy sounds (26:92). Interpretation of the sounds requires a detailed k without delayledge of the normal heart sound (7:234-235), abnormal sounds (7:235-244), the effects of artifacts such as pacemakers, catheters and celluloid valves (7:244-248), and cardiac murmurs (7:248-263).

Blood pressure, measured as the force exerted on the walls of the blood vessels at systole and diastole respectively, is determined by momentarily occluding the weapon artery employ an inflatable thump and then purgative the pressure and listening for the first (systolic) " tick" and the second (diastolic) "thump" with a stethoscope. Measurement of pressure at these points is read turned a mercury column pressure scale that is support by the same air column that is pumped into the cuff (17:151). Average adult blood pressure is 120/80, and it is now generally agreed that pressure measurements consistently above one hundred forty/90 are indicative of hypertension (17:152).

The standard toilet table Roentgenogram (X-ray) is a basic first test that routinely follows the

14. Lahiri, A.; Crawley, J. nuclear probes in cardiology. J. Nuclear Med. 33:448-449. 1992.

Future refinements that are still experimental accommodate echo-planar imaging which will speed up data scholarship so that cardiac cycle gating will be unnecessary, and the filling of certain characteristics in the MR data to sharpen imaging. An offshoot of magnetic resonance imaging is MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy), which is still in its infancy (21:201-205). This technique determines the proper(postnominal) resonant frequencies of the same nucleus, say phosphorus, when it occurs in different molecules (e.g. creatine phosphate, inorganic phosphate, and the various phosphorus atoms in ATP). This phenomenon results from differential shield by electron clouds.

The result is a spectrum of peaks whose areas denote the denseness of the compound. The method of creating spatially localized images of these spectra is still investigational. However, its value in distinguishing reperfused-viable from reperfused-infarcted myocardium has been established, as has its ability to detect rejection after transplant surgery.

molecular(a) biology has been embraced slowly by cardiologists but has picked up since the AHA started livelihood training centers in 1985. An excellent introduction to the field (15) besides outlines the areas of applicability to heart disorders, viz. the production of therapeutic drugs using gene replication techniques, the use of PCR to amplify defective genes for study, and the use of homologous chromosomes and markers to identify genes. In this way, definitive diagnosis of genetic cardiomyopathies will be possible, leading ultimately to new interference methods including, in the distant future, gene replacement therapy.

26. Smeltzer, S. C.; Bare, B. G. Medical functional nursing. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippencott. Seventh edition; 1992.

Non-imaging nuclear probes are miniaturized detectors worn infra clothing for long-term, ambulatory monitoring (14:448-449). They lack
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