Public-Education Systems

In 1642 the Colony passed the family law, whereby parents were devoted responsibility for educating children to be useful and pious citizens. Parents were reminded "that it was the duty of parents to turn up their children so they would know how to read, how to see to it and obey the laws of the country, and how to understand and live by the principles of their religion" (Johanningmeier 13).

Knight cites the passage in 1641 in New Plymouth of "an act recognizing the principle of the English worthless Law of 1601, that the care of poor children was a public responsibility, and providing that they could be placed in families for proper maintenance, and presumably also for didactics" (100). This resulted in the apprenticeship of children to sundry trades, with the tradesmasters assuming responsibility for the education of children in their charge. In 1671, New Plymouth ordered public officials to exercise backsliding on parents and tradesmasters charged with education of their natural children or apprentices. Those who cut these duties were fined (Knight 101, passim). The New England model had analogues in the Middle and Southern colonies. For example, in 1646, the Virginia Colony enacted an apprenticeship act similar to one enacted in 1642 in New England, but focusing less on ghostlike training than on "the necessity of teaching the poor a useful trade" (Johanningmeier 26).

"Exeuctive Summary." The educational System in the United States: Case Study Findings. Washington, D.C.: study Institute on Student Achievement, Curriculum, and Assessment Office of educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, 1999. xv-xxi.

Gibbs, W. Wayt, and Douglas Fox. "The False Crisis in Science Education." scientific American (October 1999): 17-31.

Ideology governed this entire scheme, and every feature of German education of the period was "Nazified": books, curricula, social organizations with educational affiliation. Propaganda intensives, racial indoctrination became routine. Teachers as well as students were reeducated in the topic Socialist Ideology, and in all teachers at all levels--K through university--were obliged to join the National Socialist Teachers' League,

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